MYTHOLOGICALITY OF THE IMAGE OF THE HORSE IN FIRDOUSI'S “SHAHNAMEH”

Abstract

The article explores the mythological significance of the image of the horse Rakhsh as the faithful companion of Rustam in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. It is argued that while the image of the horse holds an important place in world literature, within the Iranian epic tradition it acquires particular symbolic depth and universality. Rakhsh is represented not merely as a means of transportation or a companion to the hero, but as a mythopoetic figure that combines physical strength with profound spiritual meaning. As one of the most expressive equine images in the ancient Persian epic, he embodies moral ideals, martial valor, collective memory, and cosmic harmony. The study examines the image of Rakhsh across three dimensions: epic, mythological, and artistic. In the epic dimension, his role in the development of the narrative and battle episodes is highlighted; in the artistic dimension, attention is given to the psychological and emotional complexity of the image and its close relationship with Rustam; in the mythological dimension, Rakhsh’s supernatural qualities are analyzed, elevating him to the status of a sacred being and a mediator between the earthly and celestial realms. It is established that the image of Rakhsh functions as an archetype associated with the cosmic struggle between light and darkness, as well as with the idea of harmony between humanity, nature, and the universe. The functional versatility of this image allows it to serve as a bearer and transmitter of key values of Iranian civilization. Through Rakhsh, the Shahnameh not only narrates heroic deeds of the past but also articulates a canon of ethical ideals, including steadfastness in the face of chaos, loyalty to duty, and devotion to a higher purpose. Within the structure of Ferdowsi’s epic, Rakhsh emerges as more than a mythical horse: he is a living witness to the struggle between light and darkness, a guardian of historical memory, and a carrier of a sacralized vision of the people and their ideals. Through this figure, Ferdowsi affirms the cultural continuity, spiritual grandeur, and resilience of Iranian civilization.