METAPHORIZATION AS A LEXICO-SEMANTIC WAY OF MILITARY NEOLOGISMS CREATION

Abstract

The article analyzes lexical units that emerged in the Ukrainian language to name new realities amid the Russian- Ukrainian war, drawing from various Internet sources. It emphasizes that the lexical-semantic system of the language responds most rapidly and comprehensively, reflecting all linguistic changes associated with various spheres of societal life. This underscores the powerful influence of extralinguistic factors on its lexical composition, openness, dynamism, and the close connection of neologism processes with contemporary socio-political events. The variability in defining the term “neologism” in various lexicographical works and publications by Ukrainian and foreign scholars is examined. Based on factual material, it has been demonstrated that the lexical-semantic method is a productive and widespread source of creating new lexical units. The process of metaphorization is characterized as one of the lexical-semantic methods that contributed to the emergence of neologisms, revealing the peculiarities of their formation and demonstrating the expansion of the semantic structure of new words. It has been established that the metaphorical transformation of semantic components in the creation of war-related neologisms occurs based on the following main types of models: based on external similarity (cotton (бавовна), parcel (бандероль), green paint (зеленка)), based on process similarity (hail (град), cotton (хлопок)), based on positional similarity (zero (нуль), frontline (передок)), based on the activity of the process (disco (дискотека)), based on internal and external characteristics (cyborg (кіборг), Azov member (азовець), orc (орк)), and based on the method of recognizing a person (combatant (паляниця), strawberry (полуниця), store (крамниця)). The new lexical units formed due to semantic modifications of original and derived meanings are described. It has been clarified that the foundation for semantic reinterpretations of a metaphorical nature lies in key semantic motivators and principal motivational features of transferred meaning – imagery, associativeness, and emotiveness. It has been revealed that some of the analyzed neologisms are characterized by an emotionally expressive connotation, possessing distinctive negative properties for designating the concept of “other” and positive attributes for “own”.