Історія та археологія

SPINNING AMONG THE SCYTHIANS OF THE SOUTHERN DNIPRO FOREST-STEPPE REGION (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE SVITLOVODSK BURIAL SITE)

Oleksandr Mohylov — 2025-04-10

The article is devoted to the study of spinning tools discovered at the Scythian cemetery near the town of Svitlovodsk, Kirovohrad region. This necropolis is one of the largest and best-studied of its time in the Northern Black Sea region. Expeditions led by N. M. Bokiy and I. A. Kozyr in 1975–1990 investigated 161 burials of that time. Most of them were barrowless. Important materials for the analysis of funerary rites and material culture were obtained. Finds from the necropolis reveal, among other things, the production and crafts of the ancient population. One of them was spinning: the process of making thread from yarn. Later, it was used to weave a cloth that could be used to make clothes. Traditional raw materials of both plant and animal origin could be used to form yarn in this region: hemp stalks, flax, and animal wool. From the Early Iron Age, we have insignificant material remains of this process. Most often, these are spindles, bone parts of spindles, and very rarely their wooden parts. These finds are almost always discovered in the burials of women who were engaged in this craft during their lifetime. In Svitlovodsk, spindles have not been preserved. Only once was a wooden trace of one noted, and otherwise bone disc-shaped objects with a hole in the centre survived. More common are finds of ceramic spindles with through holes that were put on the spindle. They had various variations of conical or biconical shapes. Two lead spindles were also found, which are linked to ancient centres. The material remains of the spinning craft from Svitlovodsk date back to the fourth century BC and illustrate the final stage of Scythian history, on the eve of the Sarmatian conquest, when the area of their culture narrowed to the Crimea and the Lower Dnipro.

SCYTHIAN BARROW NEAR THE VILLAGE OF KOPANI IN THE UPPER REACHES OF THE INHULETS RIVER

Kyrylo Panchenko — 2025-04-10

The article presents the materials from the excavations of the Scythian barrow near the village of Kopani of the Subotsivska community of Kirovohrad region. The site is located in the upper reaches of the Ingulets River basin on the border of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe and the Steppe zone. In antiquity, this region served as a contact zone between nomadic and sedentary tribes. The barrow was excavated in the summer of 1990 by an archaeological expedition led by N. Bokii. The materials of these excavations are in the collection of the Ninel Bokii Archaeological Museum of the Volodymyr Vynnychenko Central Ukrainian State University. At the time of the research, the barrow was damaged as a result of agricultural work. The excavations of the site were of a rescue nature. A warrior's burial was found under the mound in a sub-rectangular pit with steps near one wall. Despite the robbery of the grave, the remains of the accompanying equipment were found: two bronze arrowheads, fragments of iron armor, a bronze earring, and a stone spheroid. The remains of sacrificial food in the form of cattle bone fragments with oxides from an iron knife were also found in the grave. It was also recorded that during the funeral rites, rituals related to the cult of fire were used. There is a deep ditch around the mound. The artefacts allow us to date the site to the second half of the 6th century B.C. The presence of different types of arrowheads in a single assemblage suggests that the mound belongs to the so-called transitional group of Scythian antiquities. The analysis of the finds and the funeral rite suggests that the grave belonged to a representative of the Iranian nomads of the steppes. The site's dating aligns with the migration of a new wave of steppe nomads into the Forest-Steppe region. The materials of the mound are an interesting addition to the Scythian antiquities of the Right Bank.

UKRAINIAN CALENDAR CUSTOMS AND RITUALS IN MEMORY OF THE DEPORTED LEMKOS

Svitlana Boian-Hladka — 2025-04-10

The article, using the example of the historical memory of the deported Lemkos, examines the significance of studying Ukrainian calendar customs and rituals, which play an important role in the formation of national identity, the preservation of cultural heritage and spiritual foundations of the Ukrainian people. In modern conditions of globalization and urbanization, which gradually cause the loss of authenticity of many traditions, local studies of ethnographic groups, in particular the Lemkos, emphasize the need to transfer cultural knowledge to subsequent generations. Calendar customs and rituals serve not only as a reflection of the deep beliefs and worldviews of Ukrainians, but also as the basis for the formation of their spiritual culture. They play a key role in strengthening ties between generations and are important for social cohesion. The main holidays in the Lemko annual calendar are characterized: Introduction, Andrew, “Veliya” (Holy Vespers), Christmas, Basil, Second Holy Vespers, Meeting, Annunciation, Palm Sunday, Easter, Green Holidays, Kupala, etc. The listed holidays clearly trace the motives of the agricultural, pastoral character and the cult of the dead, which are based on the cyclical renewal of nature. The role and place of pagan remnants in the rites dedicated to the holidays of the year, the essence of which was the process of transforming pagan customs, rituals and holidays into Christian ones, that is, the phenomenon of dualism is shown. The study of the outlined issues opens up the possibilities of a deeper understanding of the origins of Ukrainian culture. The presented topic acquires particular relevance due to the growing interest in one’s own history, folklore, ethnographic studies and calendar customs in modern Ukrainian society. A return to traditions is increasingly perceived as an important component of preserving the cultural identity of the Ukrainian people.

TRANSFORMATION OF BANDURNITZ IN UKRAINE

Svitlana Teterіa — 2025-04-10

The article traces the development of bandura art from its origins to the present. The role of scientists and researchers of traditional cultural heritage in the revival of bandura, repertoire and co-play of blind itinerant singers is considered. Particular attention is paid to the prominent artist, researcher and popularizer of Ukrainian culture H. M. Khotkevich. His role in the preparation and holding of the 12th archaeological congress, which aimed to draw the attention of a wide range of intellectuals and researchers to the unique phenomenon of Ukrainian ethnic heritage – kobzarism, is noted. The role of the master of musical instruments G. I. Paliivets in the manufacture and improvement of chromatic banduras – is mentioned separately. The article also discusses the issue of creating bands of bandura art – bands. These collectives had a prominent place in the preservation and popularization of the Ukrainian musical and song heritage, but in no way replaced the traditional singing – kobzarstvo. The article highlights the repressive actions of the Soviet imperial authorities in relation to the bearers of traditional culture and Bandurist artists. In particular, the article provides information about the repression of M. O. Domontovych (Zlobynets). He was the author of the first “Self-timer” playing the bandura, a talented musician, a master of making banduras, and the author of poetic and musical works. Much attention is paid to the figure of D. E. Balatskyi, who was an extremely talented musician and led the State Bandurists’ Band from 1937 to September 1, 1938. And then, based on an agent’s denunciation, charges were brought against him – for “actively conducting anti-Soviet agitation, spreading provocative rumors, participation in a counter-revolutionary organization” and sentenced to five years in prison in Central Asian concentration camps. Then there were other tolls and charges. He lived to the age in Poltava and was engaged in artistic activities – he led a choir.

PLUTARCH’S “PARALLELA MINORA” AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE

Mykhailo Polishchuk — 2025-04-10

The purpose of the article is to fully analyze the treatis “Parallel stories”, whose authorship is ascribed to the ancient historian Plutarch. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, consistency, verification, author’s objectivity, as well as the use of general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization. Particular attention is paid to the method of analyzing the historical source proposed by Johann Droisenm and “Cambridge system” criticism of ancient tests. For the first time in Ukrainian historical science, are comprehensively analyzed essence and content, as well as the source link of source “Parallela minora” with other ancient and medieval historical sources. It is determined that the compilative nature of the work is objectively determined by the genre of ancient comparisons. Probably the main idea can be considered a demonstration of the repeatability of historical and mythological stories popular in ancient literature. These stories served as a source of both inspiration and outright plagiarism for other authors. Assume that the author of the treatise «Parallela minora» could both reproductively rewrite the story from the real to the source base and consciously allow certain flaws or outright in primitivization as a satire on a similar genre, borrowing and/or authors. Moreover, without the discovery of the new primary sources, which at the moment are lost (as happened with the work on the state structure of Athens by Aristotle), due to a number of specific and unique characteristics and elements of “Parallela minora”, an unconditional assessment of the work and authorship can hardly be considered completely unambiguous. Is has been suggested that this treatise should be taken as a manifesto to modern historians with a call for a more thorough analysis of the source base.

THE SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF VOLODYMYR YASTREBOV: A SCIENTOMETRIC ANALYSIS

Olga Sobchuk — 2025-04-10

This article presents the first a scientometric analysis of the entire known scholarly heritage of historian, archaeologist, ethnographer of the second half of the 19th century, Volodymyr Mykolayovych Yastrebov. The study aims to conduct a scientometric analysis of his scholarly works. The research employs methods of generalization, systematization, and scientometric analysis. The source base comprises both published and unpublished materials by Yastrebov, including publications in specialized academic and popular science journals, research articles, monographs, reviews, methodological materials on pedagogy, memoirs about colleagues, and speeches. The study determines the total volume of Yastrebov’s scholarly works, classifies them by content (research articles, monographs, popular science publications, reviews, dissertations, and methodological works), and identifies the main thematic directions (archaeology, archival studies, biography, bibliography, ethnography, and history), as well as the specific research topics within each field. Based on the problem-chronological approach, Yastrebov’s academic career is divided into two periods: the first (1876–1883) and the second (1884–1898), with the latter being the most productive. The analysis and systematization of his scientific heritage reveal that his research activity was not consistent and was influenced by various factors, including work, family, and health conditions. Periods of professional or personal difficulties, as well as times of worsening illness, coincided with stagnation or sharp declines in scholarly productivity. It was determined that the primary cause of Yastrebov’s inconsistent academic activity was the recurrence of his hereditary illness, which affected all aspects of his life, including his research endeavors.

THE STUDENTS OF KYIV AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY IN POLITICAL LIFE: THROUGH THE PRISM OF HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE LANGUAGE OF ARCHIVE SOURCES

Andrii Chutkyi — 2025-04-10

The article examines the politicization of Kyiv students at the beginning of the 20th century. Its main factors and the main directions of political sympathies of Kyiv students are clarified. Among the first ones, the following are identified as key: the peculiarities of youth psychology, the material hardship characteristic of many students and the neglect of the authorities to solve the problems of their lives, which was supplemented by the authorities' actions of a prohibitive nature in relation to studentship and repressions on a national basis. The strengthening of all these factors, along with the development of the capitalist system (with permanent economic crises and the growth of social differentiation), led to the deterioration of the material situation of students, which had a natural consequence of a significant degree of their politicization at the beginning of the 20th century. This thesis is proven by questionnaire data of that time and archival sources, as well as modern historiography. Regarding the spectrum of political sympathies of the students of that time, the so-called academic movement played a prominent role in it. The latter declared its apolitical nature, but was de facto a pro-government political current. However, the popularity of the left-wing radical forces of the entire empire became even greater among students. The popularity and involvement of Ukrainian students in the Ukrainian national liberation movement gained popularity. However, the moderation of the positions of the senior representatives of this movement and their reluctance to take radical actions pushed many young people away from it, as they sought radical actions and corresponding changes. Thus, on the eve of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917– 1921, the politicians of the older generation condemned themselves to a moderate degree of support from the most radical-minded and ready for equally radical actions, and without any hesitation, part of society, which was the student body. This undermined the success of their struggle. The study is based on the memories of the students of that time, a survey of Kyiv students at the beginning of the 20th century and corresponding notes of the press of that time. The emphasis in the source base is on relevant materials from the archives of the Kyiv Commercial Institute. This source “specification” is determined by the special liberalism of this university, in particular, the simultaneous education of representatives of both sexes. An auxiliary role is played by modern historiographical studies on the history of studentship.

PROSPECTS FOR RESEARCHING CURRENT ISSUES IN MODERN UKRAINIAN HISTORY: A MENTAL DIMENSION

Yuriy Prysiazhniuk — 2025-04-10

Several aspects of the stated topic are examined, including the process of integrating the concept of “mentality” into Ukrainian humanities over the past decades, in which the author of this article has been involved. The first mental narratives in Ukrainian historiography began to emerge in the 1990s. They often caused surprise, even among leading academic historians. Some of them considered the category of “mentality” to be artificially introduced and proposed replacing it with synonymous terms, such as “identity”. A nationwide discussion about the appropriateness of using this “fashionable” term never took place, but the search for alternatives continued. This search remained relevant even as the study of the traditional agrarian society as the foundation of the past started to decline in popularity. The academic achievements of historians and representatives of other humanities disciplines create the foundation for the promising application of the mental approach to interpreting events, phenomena, and processes in modern history. This approach can be particularly useful in analyzing totalitarian regimes (Bolshevism, Nazism), issues of national identity, the national liberation movement, historical memory, and commemorative practices. The author suggests employing a “mental” conceptual framework, as it provides additional opportunities to counteract both natural and artificial mythologization of knowledge. In the context of the ongoing Russian aggression, which has taken the form of total war, the characterological and intellectual analysis of modern history in Ukraine and Eastern Europe has not only academic but also practical significance. Specifically, it becomes crucial for ensuring national security. This circumstance also necessitates changes in the way history is taught.

MODERN UKRAINIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY OF CULTURAL LIFE OF THE YOUTH OF THE UKRAINIAN SSR IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1950s – 1980s

Maksym Shcherbakov — 2025-04-10

The article attempts to analyse and synthesize (generalize) the scientific contribution of Ukrainian historians, which was published during the period of state independence of Ukraine and was devoted to the problem of the cultural life of the youth of the Ukrainian SSR in the second half of the 1950s – 1980s. It was established that in general the subject of the works was aimed at studying such aspects as the influence of the ethnonational policy of the muscovite communist regime on the youth of the Ukrainian SSR, their everyday life, more specifically – the nature and specifics of the activities of youth organizations controlled by the government, etc. At the same time, scientists mainly focused on individual socio-cultural groups – secondary (pupils) and higher (students) education applicants. Occasionally, they did not bypass the problems of subcultures, which became a phenomenon of the cultural life of the Ukrainian SSR of the studied era. In the 2020s, scientific interpretations of various aspects of the cultural life of youth were expanded by the dissertations of O. Lavrut, N. Novorodovska, V. Popovych. Certain aspects of the cultural life of youth are highlighted in studies devoted to Soviet ethno-national policy in the Ukrainian SSR. It is worth emphasizing the thorough research of Yu. Kahanov. The growth of interest of scientists in the youth (student) environment was especially promoted by such a methodological direction as the history of everyday life. In general, modern Ukrainian historiography considers the cultural life of the youth of the Ukrainian SSR in the second half of the 1950s – 1980s as a complex socio-historical phenomenon that accumulated and reflected the interaction of official ideology and increasingly popular informal cultural practices (later – structures). At the same time, the attention of researchers remained focused, as before, mainly on state (party) policy, and studies of the perception/representation of cultural and social processes by the youth of the Ukrainian SSR themselves are still outside the scope of scientific cognitive interests.

HISTORICAL MEMORY OF V. I. HRYHOROVYCH IN THE NEWSPAPER PRESS AND THE MONUMENTAL SPACE OF KROPYVNYTSKYI

Viktoriia Bezverkha — 2025-04-10

The year 2025 marks the 210th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding Slavic scholar, teacher, ethnographer, archaeologist, professor Viktor Ivanovych Hryhorovych. The article analyses the publications dedicated to V. Hryhorovych, which were published in the press of Kirovohrad region during 1991–2014. The authors have studied the publications of the newspapers “Narodne Slovo”, “Channel 21”, “Vechirna Gazeta”, “Kirovohradska Pravda”, “Vedomosti Plus”. Most of them, as well as the proposed article, are related to memorable dates. The publications in the press were prepared by local historians and cover biographical data, scientific achievements, pedagogical activities, and the state of preservation of the historical memory of the scientist. Two main groups of publications in the local press have been identified. The first group includes articles focusing on the biography and research activities of Viktor Hryhorovych. The second group is represented by materials covering the issues of erecting and preserving monuments to V. I. Hryhorovych. It can be seen that the articles place a special emphasis on preserving the memory of Viktor Ivanovych Hryhorovych, in particular through the preservation of places of remembrance in Kropyvnytskyi. It is worth noting that almost every publication mentions Hryhorovych’s move to our city and his intention to conduct a thorough ethnographic and historical research in southern Ukraine. The study shows that the local press plays an important role in shaping historical memory, emphasising the importance of honouring the legacy of the prominent scientist. The preservation of monuments and increased attention to the scientific achievements of V. I. Hryhorovych are important components of the cultural space of Kropyvnytskyi and the region.

DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION IN ROMANKOVE SETTLEMENT ON THE TERRITORY OF FREEDOMS OF ZAPORIZHZHIAN ARMY IN 1764

Sviatoslav Chyruk — 2025-04-10

The article is dedicated to analyzing of Demographic situation in Romankove village during the times of New Zaporizhzhian Sich. Several special and total demographic coefficients are analyzing. As the main source it was used Confessional list by the 1764 year. As the main method, it was used gender and age-stratified methods. Total population is reconstructed on the base of model data. It was determined that Romakkove total population were above 1185 persons in 1764 year. 667 of them (56% of inhabitants) were belonged to the Parish of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The average total fertility rate was 39.5%. People of marriageable and working age were predominated. The number of women was almost equal to the number of men (sex ratio 99.7). The marital structure indicates general marriageability, first widowhood at the age of 45–49, and final widowhood from the age of 60. General marriage among the Cossacks started later. They marriage only once in a lifetime. The average age of marriage in Romankove was 24,4 years for men and 20,4 years for women. Marriages with a small (1–5 years) age difference prevailed. The total fertility rate was 6. The reconstructed fertility dynamics demonstrate a series of crises experienced by the population: before 1739, in 1750–1751 and 1758–1759. It is interconnected with knowledge out of sources (war and plague). Author makes the conclusion that the social composition of the population of the village Romankove in 1764 was typical of the settlements on the territory of Freedoms of Zaporizhzhian Army during the times of New Zaporizhzhian Sich. The sex-age structure of the population belonged to a progressive type, characterized by high birth and death rates. Despite some differences with the expected result, developed model of changing total population is working if we agree that register for 1754 listed not only the common families, but all the families in the settlement.

THE OLSHANSKI FAMILY BEFORE AND DURING THE POLISH UPRISING 1863–1864

Anton Stolyarov — 2025-04-10

The article examines the role of the Olshansky family members in the preparation and implementation of the January Uprising of 1863–1864 in Right-Bank Ukraine. The connections of this noble Polish family with Kyiv University, some of whose students and teachers participated in the Polish uprising, are investigated. The active participation of the family members in protests, demonstrations and armed actions, as well as repressive actions by the imperial authorities, are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to the individuals of Lev, Vitalia and Romuald Olshansky, who became key participants in the revolutionary movement. Lev Olshansky participated in student protests, for which he was arrested and exiled. Also, according to the materials of the police courts, there is evidence that Vitalia Olshanska joined the demonstrative wearing of mourning, which was one of the forms of Polish protest in 1861. Romuald Olshansky led the insurgent detachment that set out from Kyiv in April–May 1863 and was defeated after a series of battles with imperial troops. The organizational and military aspects of the Olshanskys' participation in the uprising are analyzed, in particular the process of producing the “Golden Letters” of providing weapons and material resources, as well as the tactical maneuvers of R. Olshansky's detachment. The relationship with other figures of the uprising, such as Isidor Kopernytsky, Stanislav Tarasevich and Vladislav Rudnytsky, is investigated. The repressive measures of the tsarist administration against the participants of the uprising are considered. The course of the investigation, trials and conditions of imprisonment of the Olshanskys are highlighted, which became a reflection of the general policy of the empire towards the Polish resistance movement. Key attention is paid to the case of Romuald Olshansky, his sentence and execution in the Kyiv Fortress in January 1864. In conclusion, based on archival materials, memoirs of contemporaries and scientific works, the article determines the importance of the Olshansky family in the development of the Polish national liberation movement in the middle of the 19th century. The Olshansky house became one of the key centers in the preparation of the Polish armed uprising in Kyiv in the spring of 1863, and representatives of this family became one of the most active participants in demonstrations and armed struggle against the Russian Empire.

THE IMPACT OF THE JUDICIAL REFORM OF 1864 ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BAR IN NADDNIPRIANSHCHYNA UKRAINE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

Andrii Biriukov — 2025-04-10

The article contains an analysis of the development of the institution of advocacy in the Nadnipryansk Ukraine in the 19th century after the judicial reform of 1864; the conditions and grounds for acquiring status of sworn attorneys, aspects of the disciplinary responsibility of a lawyer (attorney at law) with reference to the provisions of the law regulating the said relations. The concept of a sworn attorney is revealed, the differences in status and rights between a sworn attorney and a private attorney are noted. The procedure and order of appealing decisions on refusal to accept as the sworn attorneys is described. It is stated that it is impossible to appeal decisions refusing to admit attorneys to the sworn attorney on grounds specified by law. It is indicated which persons cannot obtain the status of a sworn attorney in accordance with the law. A list of restrictions that the law imposes on sworn attorneys regarding their actions related to professional activities: regarding disclosure of secrets, representation of a person, conclusion of contracts, etc. is provided. The relations and issues in the activities of Councils and sworn attorneys that were not regulated by current legislation are indicated. A list of issues that were independently regulated by the Councils of Sworn Attorneys due to the lack of their regulation by the legislator (including the procedure and principles of disciplinary liability of sworn attorneys) is indicated. The procedure for creating a councils of sworn attorneys and its significance are described. At the same time, it is stated that they are under the control of the Court Chamber and the general meeting of sworn attorneys. The method of inhibiting the creation of Councils of Jury Attorneys in the judicial districts of Ukraine (Kharkiv, Kyiv and Odesa) is reflected. The reasons and purpose of the authorities' suspension of the creation of the Сouncils of sworn attorneys, the transfer of all their functions to district courts, and the transfer of the right to grant the status of a sworn attorney personally to the Minister of Justice are indicated. Thus, the actions of the tsarist government aimed at stopping the formation and development of an independent institute of the bar, transferring functions from elected self-government Сouncils of sworn attorneys to courts as authorities of state power, are highlighted. The above facts indicate the tsarist authorities' disinterest in the existence of an independent sworn attorneys and prove that, having begun its creation, the authorities took all measures to inhibit the creation and development of an independent bar, to level all declared democratic principles by adopting relevant legislative acts.

PROF. VIKTOR I. HRYHOROVYCH: FROM THE DEAN TO PROVINCIAL CITIZEN: A SOCIAL PORTRAIT OF THE SCHOLAR

Oleg Dyomin — 2025-04-10

This paper covers the first years of the School of History and Philology (Novorossiya University) famous for its professorship and alumni works after it was established and organised. The authors of the paper use archival documents and memoirs to substantiate their story of this prominent school formation. The figure of the Europe-wide famous Slavic scholar Viktor Ivanovych Hryhorovych has been given comprehensive attention in respect to his zealous administrative and scientific activities, first as a Novorossiya University Senate member and later as the first elected Dean of its School of History and Philology. The authors highlight his intensive organisational work to recruit new teaching staff, shape curricula and subject syllabuses as well as his educational and methodological activities aimed to provide the best educational services. Special treatment is given to Prof. Viktor I. Hryhorovych business qualities, humanistic worldview and morals which were reflected in his treatment of students, colleagues and numerous disciples. Authors of the paper claim that despite lots of difficulties and administrative obstacles he succeeded as the renowned Dean of the School of History and Philology respected by colleagues and students and a person of dignity leading it ahead. Special attention has been also given to the “Yelisavetgrad period” of Prof. Viktor I. Hryhorovych life in October–December 1876 (named after the city of Yelisavetgrad in the Kherson Province). Throughout this time he kept cooperating with his colleagues and students to continue fruitful researches of the raw study material he had accumulated for the long years of scholarly expeditions, archival work and library studies held in many countries of the world.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE PERIOD OF EDUCATION ON THE FORMATION OF A CONSERVATIVE WORLDVIEW AMONG UKRAINIAN FIGURES AT THE TURN OF THE ХІХ–ХХ CENTURIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF LIPINSKY AND CHYKALENKO)

Volodymyr Horbatyk — 2025-04-10

The article examines the influence of the period of education on the formation of the conservative worldview in Ukraine in the late ХІХ and early ХХ centuries, which is defined as the most optimal ideological basis for building a stable and prosperous state. Accordingly, this topic is extremely relevant in the context of the current challenges faced by Ukrainian society. The topic is explored by finding out how the period of education influenced the formation of the worldview and political views of Ukrainian intellectuals in the second half of the ХІХ and early ХХ centuries.) It is this direction of historical reconstruction that allows for a better interpretation of contemporary processes of national self-determination, state-building, and cultural revival. And through the prism of historical comparison, such studies help to make predictive assessments of the current situation in our country, which further enhances the relevance of this area of historical research. After all, they provide important historical lessons that can be applied to contemporary social, political, and educational issues. The author proves the importance of the period of education, since it is during these years that a personality and its worldview are formed. Using the example of V. Lypynsky and Y. Chykalenko, the author proves that the years of studenthood led to their strengthening as adherents of conservative ideology and at the same time developed an aversion to revolutionary radicalism as a destructive phenomenon. This was facilitated by the circumstances of growing up in a patriarchal rural environment and an atmosphere of “old world” values, which was strengthened by both home education and the influence of certain educators, as well as by the very rhythm of rural life. In addition, intellectual studies and the desire for self-education, as well as the circumstances of personal life, including the creation of their own families, which forced them to lead a more measured lifestyle and increased their sense of responsibility for their loved ones, which made them avoid radicalism of actions and thoughts, contributed to this. However, all of this was possible only if one was wealthy. Unfortunately, as a result of the targeted imperial policy of impoverishing Ukrainians, there were few such people among Ukrainian sociopolitical leaders, which hindered the development of a pragmatic path of state building and doomed the very cause of the revival of Ukraine's political independence in the early ХХ century.

ACTIVITIES OF ANARCHIST ORGANIZATIONS AND GROUPS IN THE TERRITORY OF ELYSAVETHRAD COUNTY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY

Dmytro Kobzar — 2025-04-10

The activities of anarchist organizations and groups are of considerable interest to researchers. The purpose of the work is to study the activities of political groups and organizations of an anarchist orientation in the territory of the Elisavetgrad district at the beginning of the 20th century. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematics, and the historical-comparative method. The scientific novelty is due to the need to study the problem of the localization of anarchist groups in the territory of the Elisavetgrad district with the subsequent isolation of the degree of influence of representatives of the left-libertarian movement on the society of that time, the identification of trends in the formation of the movement, the involvement of representatives of specific social groups in it, etc. Special attention is paid to personalities who represent the anarchist movement before 1917. Some aspects of their biographies create the basis for researchers to review a number of trends in the socio-political movement of that time. The prerequisites for their entry into the left-libertarian camp and the argumentation of its prominent figures have a special dynamics of changing worldviews and principles. No less important is the issue of national representation among anarchists and the identification of factors that could contribute to the involvement of representatives of certain national minorities in this political camp not only as ordinary participants or sympathizers, but also as the most active and influential figures. Prospects for further research. The theoretical and practical activities of the anarchist movement, regional features of organizations, and personalities remain little studied and promising within the framework of the all-Ukrainian and regional dimensions. Conclusions. The problem of studying the history of anarchist groups and organizations is important in understanding Ukrainian society at the beginning of the 20th century, since they occupied their niche in the then socio-political movement, bringing their own special accents.

REPRESENTATION OF THE RUSSIAN IMPERIAL AND SOVIET ERA THROUGH THE LIFE WAY OF THE YELYSAVETHRAD MERCHANT VOINOV FAMILY

Oleh Marchenko — 2025-04-10

The article, based on archival materials and memories of Nadiia Petrivna Saltanova, shows the complex life path of the merchant family of the 2nd guild of the Voinovs, who lived in Yelysavethrad from the second half of the 18th century, and represented a typical example of a relatively rich family of a provincial city, a kind of «middle class». We use the prosopographic method, which comes in handy when creating a collective biography of the Voinov merchant family, a micro-historical approach that allows us to explore the everyday life of a provincial family through the life path of the Voinov family during the Russian Empire of the late 18th – early 20th centuries, in the Soviet period, and at the present stage. Information is provided about fellow registrar Mykhailo Voinov – the first merchant mentioned in the documents who lived in Yelysavethrad, his son Mykola, who inherited his father's entrepreneurial activity, traded in food products, and ran three grocers in the city. Mykola's wife – Nadiia Oleksiivna, who helped her husband in business affairs and after his death in 1888 took over the business. The life path of their children is highlighted: Mykhailo, Serhii, Havrylo, and Vasyl, who helped their mother in every possible way in running a trade in the city, engaged in public and charitable activities. Only Havrylo Voinov had his own family (his mother was a strict woman and forbade her sons to marry in order to conduct trade, in the future the sons never started a family), went against his mother, married a bourgeois Ye. Ya. Stoliarova, separated from family, and after his mother's death, with the funds bequeathed to him, he set up his own shop in 1914. The study shows the attitude of the Soviet authorities towards the “class enemy” – the merchants. Vasyl and Mykhailo were sent to Siberia. Later, Vasyl was able to return home to the city, but in the 1930s he died under unknown circumstances. Mykhailo died on the way to Siberia. Havrylo renounced the title of a merchant, enrolled in the burghers and tried to live inconspicuously. Serhii’s fate was tragic. On the eve of the entry of the Germans into Kirovohrad, his case was sent to a military tribunal for consideration by a guilty verdict dated July 22, 1941 for alleged hostile attitude towards the Soviet authorities, for the fact that in the past he was a merchant of the 2nd guild, a trade deputy, and probably he was shot, in 1995 he was rehabilitated. The Soviet period of the Voinov family is explored through the family of Havrylo's daughter Zinaida, who graduated from the girls’ gymnasium, studied music at the H. Neuhaus school, and lived until 1983. Her granddaughter – N.P. Saltanova, a well-known pediatric urologist in Kropyvnytskyi, left memories of her family. The article highlights her life path in the 1960–1980’s and in modern Ukraine.

ACTIVITIES OF ANARCHIST ORGANIZATIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF CENTRAL UKRAINE 1918–1921

Yurii Mytrofanenko — 2025-04-10

The article devoted to the genesis of the anarchist movement on the territory of Central Ukraine. By Central Ukraine, we mean the historical region located between the Sinyukh and Dnieper rivers, the Southern Bug and Ros’. The analysis of the historiographic work revealed the absence of studies devoted to the emergence and development of the anarchist movement in the territory of Central Ukraine. The author used the critical method, biographical methods, the gender approach, the methods of comparative studies, and the territorial method the research. Interdisciplinary methodical optics are also applied. The anarchist movement on the territory of Central Ukraine arose before the beginning of the liberation struggle. It reached its greatest development during the revolutionary period of 1917–1921. Its centers were Yelysavetgrad, Chygyrin, and Subotiv. It was established that several types of anarchist organizations were active in Central Ukraine. 1917–1918 – units of anarchist M. Nykyforova. 1918 – 1920 – anarchist organizations of the “Nabat” Confederation. In April 1919, a congress of anarchist confederations “Nabat” was held in Yelysavetgrad, at which the issue of spreading the experience of anarchist organizations from cities to villages was first raised, following the example of the Makhnovist movement, which was popular among the peasantry of Southern Ukraine. However, this idea failed to be realized. It was established that the peasantry of Central Ukraine mainly supported the idea of Ukrainian statehood, as evidenced by the significant scale of the Uener movement uprising in this region during the period of the liberation struggle of 1917–1922. Between Subotiv and Chygyryn, there was the Chygyrin republic of anarchist direction led by chieftain S. Kotsur by1919–1920. N. Makhno arrived in Central Ukraine in the second half of 1919. This territory was the residence of the leader of the Ukrainian anarchists, its restoration, replenishment and reorganization of the Makhno army were carried out during July – September 1919. The conflict between the anarchists and the bolsheviks, their organizations were destroyed in 1920–1921. Information about the anarchist period of the region’s history, associated with M. Nykyforova, N. Makhno, S. Kotsur, is still preserved as part of the oral history of Central Ukraine, at the level of legends and folklore.

VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN IN SOCIAL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OF THE USSR DURING THE HOLODOMOR OF 1932–1933

Inna Shugalyova — 2025-04-10

The article analyses the precedents of violence against children committed by education workers during the Holodomor of 1932–1933. The famine was the total violence organized by the Stalinist regime. At the same time, physical violence, abuse, bullying, and harassment were used in soviet educational institutions along with the famine. The purpose of the article is to identify and characterize the types of violence that, along with the famine, were practiced by employees of state social education institutions of the USSR against children during the Holodomor-genocide. Conclusions. During the Holodomor-genocide, violence against children became an undeniable fact. Most of the children who managed to survive the Holodomor experienced physical and moral violence and pressure. In soviet social education institutions, a clear gradation of children was recorded according to ideological criteria: pioneers abused children of non-collective farmers, harassing and insulting them; party teachers resorted to violations of ethics and morality, humiliating and even whipping students. Sometimes cases of using physical force on children became so regular that they attracted the attention of district and regional leaders of educational affairs. However, we note an eloquent fact: provided that representatives of the educational and pedagogical staff of social education institutions belonged to the party-komsomol structure of the communist party, they managed to avoid serious punishments for abusing children; usually, the higher management limited itself to a reprimand or transfer to work in another institution. Characterizing the types of violence that occurred in soviet institutions of social education, we have cited only individual precedents of bullying, abuse, physical, gender and sexual violence. However, the facts of bullying of children, cases of physical and psychological violence, pressure became everyday models of behavior of the pedagogical and educational staff of institutions. Moreover, they transformed into a stable practice that took root in the Soviet education system. Over time, this led to the formation of a complex of problems in children raised in communist orphanages, which combined post-genocide syndrome, intergenerational trauma, destructive-conformist model of individual behavior in society. All this ultimately made it impossible for children to develop harmoniously, and, accordingly, affected the mental health of the nation.

EVERYDAY LIFE OF OPISHNYAN POTTERS DURING THE GERMAN-SOVIET WAR (1941–1945)

Olha Kulbaka — 2025-04-10

The article presents a comprehensive analysis and systematization of information about the features of the everyday and professional life of the potters of Opishnya during the German-Soviet war. The prevailing research methods are comparative-historical (identification and comparison of the fate and career paths of different people during one chronological period), structural-functional analysis (formation and categorization of the selected chronology into different stages: mobilization, participation in active hostilities, life under occupation), diachronic-synchronic method (consideration of the period in its connection with modernity). The article, based on archival materials of the National Archive of Ukrainian Pottery of the National Museum-Reserve of Ukrainian Pottery, research by leading Ukrainian ceramists, and memoirs of former workers of the artels, analyses the features of the everyday life of potters of one of the largest pottery centers of Ukraine – the village of Opishnia (Poltava region) – during the German-Soviet war, and also highlights their role in the development of Ukrainian culture, the preservation of the traditions of the pottery craft in the conditions of the armed conflict. The study shows that, despite numerous trials, the masters continued their professional activities or resumed them immediately after the end of the occupation, demonstrating fortitude and devotion to the traditional craft and folk art. The article's coverage of the everyday life of the Opishnia potters during the German-Soviet war not only emphasizes the historical significance of pottery, but also demonstrates its importance for preserving the national identity of Ukrainians. In the modern context, the example of preserving this industry even in the most difficult conditions of military aggression is an important experience for rethinking and adapting to the difficult modern everyday life in the conditions of the racist war against Ukraine.

TRADE UNIONS AND COMRADIANT COURTS IN THE CONTEXT OF POST-WAR POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS (1951–1964)

Viktor Dokashenko — 2025-04-10

The problem of political activities of comradiant courts managed by trade unions in the period of the early 50s–early 60s of the past century is investigated. The purpose of the article is to express and analyze the political aspects of the activities of the comradiant courts that operated within the Ukrainian SSR in the chronological range of the early 1950s– early 1960s, as well as to outline the political tasks of the trade unions under which leadership they were. The choice of chronological boundaries is dictated by the need to compare Stalin’s approaches to the functioning of these public entities with the actions of the “thaw” figures. The author sees the reasons for their revival, firstly, in the dominance of liberal tendencies in the post-war world, which the leaders of the USSR at that time could not avoid. Another low motive for the resumption of the work of public courts was, on the one hand, the urgent need to abandon rigid methods of regulating industrial relations, and on the other, the need to maintain an appropriate level of labor discipline. The low level of the latter is explained by the alienation of workers and collective farmers from the means of production and, as a consequence, their lack of motivation to work. The researcher considers the comradiant courts not to be a judicial, but rather an educational construction of the Soviet structure. The author also sees the political side of the issue in the fact that the comradiant courts, by diverting the majority of cases of violations of labor discipline, thereby prevented their consideration at the level of district courts, thereby keeping the Soviet judicial statistics within the acceptable political limits. A detailed study of their fundamental documents allows stating their significant evolution: from an ordinary tool for influencing the state of labor discipline to their transformation into an important mechanism for forming first the moral and then the ideological guidelines of society. The indispensable role of trade unions in the massive development of comradiant courts is noted. Without their participation, it would hardly be possible to form a single and integral system of action of these bodies influencing on society. At the same time, being under the direct leadership of the ruling party, they brought into their activities the tasks and principles that it required.

MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO ON CORRUPTION IN ROMAN SOCIETY

Lyudmyla Ponomarenko — 2025-04-10

In the article an attempt is made to study the speeches of Marcus Tullius Cicero at court trials and his public speeches in the senate with the aim of investigating corruption phenomena in the Roman society of the Late Republic. It is noted that Cicero considered the judicial system as the biggest problem of the Roman state and society. He identified the main abuses in the judiciary, such as: bribing judges and witnesses, delaying the consideration of cases, interference of officials in court proceedings, pressure on judges. The author of the speeches focused on the role of high-ranking officials in corrupt practices, who were often elected by bribing the voters and, while in office, paid for the services by their actions or inaction. He pointed to a whole series of financial transactions during the elections related to corruption: transfer of money to the appropriate account, storage of money, personal receipt of funds, transfer of cash to another person, intermediary activity. Highranking officials also used their opportunities for illegal enrichment through direct extortion, extortion and blackmail, fraudulent methods of obtaining property through the access to state documents, and embezzlement. The impact of corruption on the society of Ancient Rome is highlighted, which was manifested in the destruction of traditional moral standards, the devaluation of the concept of “honesty”, and deliberate inactivity of political elites. It is noted that the perception of corrupt acts by the Roman citizens and provincials depended on their personal gain. There was a patron-client system in which the parties were mutually interested in evading duties and bribing high-ranking officials to solve their own problems. The Romans negatively perceived only open extortion and demonstrative disregard of laws. The Roman society rationally evaluated practical results of the fight against abuses and did not expect bribery and extortion to end.

THE SYSTEM OF REWARDS AND SANCTIONS FOR EMPLOYEES OF SOVIET CENSORSHIP BODIES IN THE FIRST POST-WAR YEARS

Inna Pozdniakova — 2025-04-10

In this article, the peculiarities of labor legislation during World War II and the first post-war years have been examined. It has been noted that during the war, labor legislation was characterized by increased liability for violations of labor discipline. In the post-war years, wartime restrictions were gradually eliminated from the legal regulation of labor relations, the norms of which also applied to employees of Soviet censorship bodies. It has been shown that among the reward forms of censors, the most common was the awarding of the medal “For Valorous Labor in the Great Patriotic War” and the Certificate of Honor for “excellent performance” in the protection of state and military secrets in the press and on the radio. Disciplinary sanctions were also applied to censorship employees. The grounds for their application were most often the untimely submission of reporting documentation and the disclosure of information constituting military and state secrets. Official sanctions were imposed with the following wording: “to issue a warning”, “reprimand”, “severe reprimand”, “reprimand to the personnel file”, “dismissal from position”, “dismissal from censorship bodies”. The disclosure of the research topic was carried out by involving a number of representative sources stored in the funds of the State Archive of the Kirovohrad Region. The main content of the generalizing conclusions and directions for further research on this problem is that it allows us to clarify the relationship between labor «achievements» of the Soviet era and labor incentive mechanisms, to trace how Soviet methods of control over labor discipline influenced the modern labor culture of Ukrainians, to understand how socialist competition contributed to increased productivity, and to assess the degree of the incentive system effectiveness in comparison with modern, market-based methods of motivation. Therefore, studying the system of rewards and disciplinary sanctions in Ukraine under Soviet control, using the example of censorship bodies, will allow for a more thorough investigation of Soviet management methods and an assessment of their impact on the nature of labor relations in modern Ukraine.

USSR’S POLICY IN THE DECOLONISED EAST IN THE 1960s AND 1980s: NEOCOLONIALISM, THE THEORY OF “SOCIALIST ORIENTATION” OR POSTCOLONIAL APPROACH?

Oleksandr Kovalkov — 2025-04-10

The article analyses the historiographical concepts used to interpret the USSR's policy towards the decolonized states of Asia and Africa and identifies the prospects for studying it using the theoretical and methodological principles of the postcolonial approach. It is found that the theories of neocolonialism and “socialist orientation”, which prevailed in Western and Soviet social science during the Cold War, examined the experience of imperial-colonial interaction between the “first” and “third” worlds. Since the classical colonial theory inextricably linked the concepts of “capitalism” and “colonialism”, it did not apply to the Soviet Union and its relations with dependent states and regions. The postcolonial approach, initiated by the classic works of E. Said, also focused, at least in its initial cultural and literary version, on the study of the peculiarities and consequences of colonial rule in different regions of the world, especially in the British and French empires. The collapse of the USSR and the “world socialist system” contributed to the revival of imperial studies and the gradual transfer of postcolonial discourse to the territories of the former Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. In the 1990’s, Ukraine experienced a “postcolonial boom”, when Ukrainian literary scholars – both in the diaspora and later in the national academic community – studied various aspects of the cultural consequences of Russian-Soviet domination in Ukraine. At the beginning of the XXI century, thanks to the works of D. Moore, E. Thompson, and others, the postcolonial approach finally spread to the study of the history of the Russian and Soviet empires, as well as the USSR’s satellites in Central and Southeastern Europe. The analysis of the fundamental principles of the Soviet Union’s policy in Asia and Africa, which were defined as “states of socialist orientation” (mechanisms of political domination and control over domestic and foreign policy, imposition of economic, cultural and ideological dependence, use of sovereign states to satisfy its own geopolitical interests, etc. This, in turn, opens up significant prospects for specific historical research into this component of the modern history of Asia and Africa as well as the foreign policy of the Soviet Union.

US POLICY IN SYRIA DURING THE CIVIL WAR (2011–2024)

Vitalii Razitskyi — 2025-04-10

The article analyzes the main directions of US policy towards Syria from the beginning of the antigovernment protest movements in Damascus in 2011 to the overthrow of the B. Assad regime at the end of 2024. As is well known, the civil war in Syria has gone beyond a regional problem and has acquired the status of an international one. The country's advantageous geopolitical location has attracted the attention of leading players in international relations. The clash of their interests led to the rapid escalation of the Syrian crisis and created a threat to regional security. It has been proven that Syria played a secondary role in the US Middle East strategy. However, the intensification of the activities of terrorist organizations on its territory forced Washington to react accordingly and make efforts to solve this problem. It is noted that the US leadership tried to destroy the centers of terrorist organizations on Syrian territory and prevent the establishment of spheres of influence of the Russian Federation and Iran there. It has been determined that the White House ruled out the possibility of active participation of American troops in resolving the Syrian crisis. At its initial stage, the Obama administration's main emphasis was on diplomatic efforts to peacefully resolve the conflict between the Assad regime and opposition groups. It has been established that US efforts to resolve the Syrian crisis have been insufficiently decisive, and in some cases inconsistent and even contradictory. As a result, the Americans not only failed to achieve a peaceful transfer of power in Damascus, but also to create a strong anti-Assad coalition that would successfully counter the spread of terrorism in the country and establish stable control over the entire territory of Syria. It has been found that the overthrow of the regime of B. Assad did not solve the main task of the United States in Syria – the destruction of terrorism. It is predicted that the administration of President D. Trump will try to influence the new government in Damascus through the mediation of Turkey, with whose active support the regime of B. Assad was overthrown.